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Towards Circularity: E-Waste: Peru

I wanted to see what electronics reuse and recycling looks like on the ground. I chose to visit Peru in 2016 as a first stop because much attention on the flows of electronic scrap focuses on Africa and Asia, not Latin America. I also chose Peru because both waste pickers and registered recyclers (the informal and formal sectors) collect and process electronic scrap, it faces challenges in managing its solid waste, and it has a healthy consumer market where different income levels all typically have access to electronics devices. I sought to understand if lessons from Lima could help inform how countries with similar demographics can safely manage their used electronics and flows of e-scrap. 

  • Senor Freddy (left) has been selling used electronics on Leticia street for nearly a decade. When asked why collectors and resellers such as himself don't organize to establish a government-recognized union of informal collectors/refurbishers, he shrugged. {quote}It's too difficult to organize the other collectors.{quote} Some say that formalizing the informal sector would increase their costs, especially for disposing old TVs that no longer have market value but contain hazardous materials that require safe handling. Other countries such as Brazil and India have formalized informal collectors and waste pickers into unions, which allows them to engage more directly with 'formal' recyclers.
  • Central Lima, Peru. Tuesday. 11:30am.
  • An electronics repair shopowner in central Lima, in an indoor mall which specializes in electronics refurbishment and resale.
  • A repairman fixes a TV. Cathode ray tube (CRT) televisions disappeared from American store shelves nearly a decade ago. And yet, in the backstreets of Lima, a market for used CRT TVs thrives.
  • Ricardo, a cachinero, who makes his living by collecting CRT TVs, which he sells to refurbishers.
  • Aldair, a computer repair technician. “I used to work in a wool factory, six days a week,” he recounted. “Sometimes I would work nights only for two week stretches and then have to shift back. It wasn’t great.” His hours are now 9-5, 5 days a week. How did he learn to repair laptops? “I took one course. But after that, You Tube [has been] a great teacher.{quote}
  • Aldair's workstation. He collects used circuit boards and harvests components to fix customers' computers and laptops.
  • “I got my degree in graphic design, but started repairing LCDs about three years ago,” said Richard, who opened his own shop on Leticia one year ago.
  • A repairman tries to diagnose why this three-year old PC stopped functioning. It's owner, not in the frame, stood nearby waiting for him fix it. {quote}Does it make more sense to repair a broken computer or buy a new one?{quote} I asked the customers waiting to have their devices repaired only to be met with a blank stares that barely betrayed how I could ask such a dumb question. Repairing a computer can cost $30, whereas a new product costs 10-20 times more.
  • Two boys look at content on a laptop at the clubhouse of Light and Leadership, an NGO that serves the local community in the outskirts of Lima with educational and youth-focused programs. Staff at the organization provide computer literacy classes for woman and access to computers and laptops for teens that come to the clubhouse in the afternoons following school.Light and Leadership recently purchased refurbished computers from a U.S. entity specializing in loading educational software. I visited them to meet people who had directly benefited from access to such refurbished technology.
  • Silvia Hilario de la Cruz's life changed when she learned how to use a computer a few years ago. {quote}I didn't know how to open a file or what one even was,{quote} she recounted. Light and Leadership, an NGO that serves the local community in the outskirts of Lima, provides computer literacy classes for woman, teaching them how search the internet and use Microsoft Word. After Silvia completed the course, she was able to take on new employment, tracking sales receipts for a local business, and is able to help her daughter with her computer-based homework. She currently owns and manages a small local store selling groceries, snacks and household items.
  • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) televisions being prepared for resale, just off Leticia street in central Lima.
  • Victor Arevalo has worked in TV repair for 30 years. Business is mostly focused on CRT repair, but flat screens are starting to trickle in. Another refurbished CRT TV vendor, Daniel Rodriguez (not shown) lamented, {quote}I wish the NGOs and government officials would recognize our importance in keeping these products out of the environment by extending their use. But they don't want to work with us.{quote}
  • In Victor Arevalo's shop, it costs about $8 USD to repair a CRT TV. Repair shops purchase or hoard components from used TVs to fix their customers' products. Used parts are no longer available from the original manufacturer. Images such as these are often used to demonstrate the environmental hazards of electronic scrap flows, but closer inspection confirms that the space is, well, just messy. Though the components are strewn everywhere, they are simply inventory.
  • Senora Dona prepares PCs for sale on the sidewalk in front of the electronics repair shop, where she works.
  • Police conduct a raid on Leticia street, confiscating used PCs for sale that were displayed on the sidewalk seconds earlier. Police periodically raid the informal sector that operates in the open to discourage the practice of informal resale or to confiscate equipment they assume include stolen goods. Police wear masks to hide their identity for fear of personal retaliation if people recognize them.
  • Extended Producer Responsibility legislation in Peru, where manufacturers pay into a recycling system to ensure that products are safely recycled, has given rise to an emerging formal electronics recycling sector. At Peru Green's recycling facility, products are dismantled at workstations (left) and materials are sorted into giant bins. A small percentage of components are sold to a local metals processor. The majority of components, such as printed circuit boards and copper cables, are shipped to either the U.S., Europe or China for further processing since Peru Green does not currently have a mechanism for further reducing or shredding components down to their commodity, or raw material, level. Peru Green's recycling contracts with institutions prohibit reuse, thus incentivizing exports of components to regions where they have high market value. In Peru, a less industrialized country, formal recyclers have limited options for processing components beyond dismantling them, highlighting the need to shore up transparency and certification schemes for recyclers across all industrialized and non-industrialized markets.
  • A formal recycling facility in the outskirts of Lima, where electronics are dismantled and sorted under safe conditions. Under its contractual obligations with commercial customers, this facilty does not refurbish electronics or salvage parts for reuse. Metals, such as steel and aluminum are sold locally and components such as circuit boards, copper cables (shown here), and plastics are baled and prepared for export to China for further processing.
  • A worker dismantles electronic products under safe conditions. Under its contractual obligations with commercial customers, this formal recycling facilty does not refurbish electronics or salvage parts for reuse. While some metals are sold to local markets, components such as circuit boards, copper cables, and plastics are baled and prepared for export for further processing.The emergence of the formal sector potentially gives rise to competition with the informal sector for the same materials. Understanding the relative strengths of both entities and the benefits they both bring to society is important to allow for different forms of employment to flourish. In addition, pinpointing where vulnerablities exist in safely recycling these products-- such as informal CRT glass disposal-- and recognizing the socio-political dynamics that limit collaboration between the formal and informal sectors is critical for forging a system where both can thrive. Finally, given technological constraints among Peru’s formal recyclers, stakeholders should look to shore up certification of best recycling practices in key regions, such as Asia and the United States, so that all countries who must export material have access to sound end-of-life processing methods that are transparent for all, or build up local recycling capacities through technology transfers.
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